2.1 AS Level

Testing for biological

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Key Concept Flip

Describe the Benedict's test and its positive result.

Answer Flip

The Benedict's test identifies reducing sugars. Add Benedict's reagent to a sample and heat in a water bath. A positive result is a color change from blue to green/yellow/orange/red, indicating the presence of reducing sugars.

Definition Flip

What is the purpose of the iodine test?

Answer Flip

The iodine test detects the presence of starch. Iodine solution (potassium iodide) is added to the sample. A positive result is a color change from yellow/brown to blue/black, indicating starch presence.

Key Concept Flip

Outline the emulsion test for lipids.

Answer Flip

The emulsion test identifies lipids. Mix the sample with ethanol, then add water. A positive result is a milky white emulsion forming, indicating the presence of lipids.

Key Concept Flip

Describe the Biuret test and its positive result.

Answer Flip

The Biuret test detects proteins. Add Biuret reagent (copper(II) sulfate and sodium hydroxide) to the sample. A positive result is a color change from blue to purple/violet, indicating protein presence.

Key Concept Flip

How can a semi-quantitative Benedict's test be carried out?

Answer Flip

A semi-quantitative Benedict's test involves standardising the procedure (

Example: specific heating time). Compare the resulting color intensity with known color standards or measure the time taken for the first color change to estimate reducing sugar concentration.
Definition Flip

Explain the purpose of acid hydrolysis when testing for non-reducing sugars.

Answer Flip

Acid hydrolysis breaks down non-reducing sugars into their constituent reducing sugars. This allows them to be detected by the Benedict's test, which cannot directly react with non-reducing sugars like sucrose.

Key Concept Flip

Outline the procedure for testing for non-reducing sugars after acid hydrolysis.

Answer Flip

Boil the sample with hydrochloric acid, then neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate. Perform the Benedict's test. A positive result (color change) indicates the presence of non-reducing sugars in the original sample.

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1.2 Cells as the basic units of 2.2 Carbohydrates and lipids