Elastic and plastic behaviour
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Define 'elastic deformation'.
Elastic deformation is a temporary change in shape of a material when a stress is applied, and the material returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.
Define 'plastic deformation'.
Plastic deformation is a permanent change in shape of a material when a stress is applied, and the material does not return to its original shape when the stress is removed.
Define 'elastic limit'.
The elastic limit is the maximum stress that a solid material can withstand before undergoing permanent deformation. Beyond this limit, the material will be plastically deformed.
What does the area under a force-extension graph represent?
The area under a force-extension graph represents the work done in deforming the material or, equivalently, the elastic potential energy stored in the material. This is valid within the limit of proportionality.
State the formula for elastic potential energy (EP) in terms of force and extension, when within the limit of proportionality.
EP = (1/2) * F * x, where F is the applied force and x is the extension. This formula applies only within the material's limit of proportionality (Hooke's Law).
State the formula for elastic potential energy (EP) in terms of the spring constant and extension, when within the limit of proportionality.
EP = (1/2) * k * x², where k is the spring constant and x is the extension. This formula applies only within the material's limit of proportionality (Hooke's Law).
How can you determine the elastic potential energy stored in a spring from a force-extension graph?
The elastic potential energy is equal to the area under the force-extension graph, up to the point of extension considered. This area can be calculated using geometry (
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