Genetic modification

Human genes are inserted into bacterial plasmids using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, creating a recombinant plasmid. These plasmids are introduced into bacteria, which then multiply and express the human gene to produce the desired human protein, such as insulin.

DNA ligase is the enzyme responsible for joining DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends together during genetic modification. It forms a stable phosphodiester bond between the fragments, creating a continuous DNA molecule.

Soya beans are commonly genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides like glyphosate. This allows farmers to spray the herbicide to kill weeds without harming the soya bean crop.

Maize (corn) is often genetically modified to produce the Bt toxin, which is toxic to certain insect pests like the European corn borer. This reduces the need for insecticide sprays.

Golden Rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A. This addresses Vitamin A deficiency in populations where rice is a staple food.

Increased crop yields can be achieved through genetic modification,

Potential for unintended consequences on ecosystems, such as the development of herbicide-resistant weeds or the impact on non-target organisms. This can lead to imbalances in ecosystems.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating fragments with 'sticky ends'. This allows for the precise insertion of desired genes, such as human genes, into plasmids.