Genetic technology applied

Recombinant human insulin is less likely to cause allergic reactions in patients, as it is identical to human insulin. Additionally, it can be produced in larger quantities and more sustainably than animal-derived insulin, reducing reliance on animal sources.

Ethical concerns include the psychological impact of knowing one will develop an incurable disease, potential discrimination in employment or insurance, and the right of individuals to not know their genetic predisposition.

Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. The main goal is to treat or prevent diseases by correcting the underlying genetic defect.

Genetic screening allows for early detection of increased risk, enabling preventative measures like increased surveillance, prophylactic surgery (mastectomy or oophorectomy), or chemoprevention. This empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and potentially reduce their risk of developing breast cancer.

SCID affects hematopoietic stem cells, which can be easily accessed and manipulated ex vivo. Corrected cells can then be transplanted back into the patient, restoring immune function, and the selective advantage of corrected cells means the treatment can be long-lasting.

Somatic gene therapy alters genes in specific body cells, while germline gene therapy alters genes in reproductive cells, passing changes to future generations. Germline therapy is controversial due to concerns about unforeseen consequences on the gene pool and the potential for 'designer babies'.

Advantage: Viruses are naturally efficient at delivering genetic material into cells. Disadvantage: There is a risk of immune response or insertional mutagenesis (disrupting other genes), which can lead to adverse health effects.

Social implications include the potential for stigmatization or discrimination against carriers, the emotional impact on families, the need for genetic counseling services, and the equitable access to screening and follow-up care across different populations.