Biotechnology and genetic modification

Bacteria reproduce rapidly (binary fission), enabling faster production of desired substances. For instance, genetically modified bacteria can quickly produce large quantities of insulin for diabetic patients.

Bacteria raise fewer ethical concerns because they are single-celled and lack a complex nervous system. This simplifies research and development. Unlike manipulating animal cells, there is less debate surrounding the suffering of bacteria.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that can be easily modified and transferred to other bacteria.

Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce complex molecules, such as antibiotics or enzymes, that are difficult or expensive to synthesize chemically. An example is using *E. coli* to produce the enzyme amylase for food processing.

Genetically modified *E. coli* bacteria are used to produce human insulin. The human insulin gene is inserted into the bacterial plasmid, which then directs the bacteria to synthesize insulin, used to treat diabetes.

Plasmids can be used to insert genes coding for specific antigens from pathogens into bacteria. These bacteria then produce the antigen, which can be purified and used as a subunit vaccine.

Certain bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, can be genetically modified to produce biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel. These bacteria can convert biomass or CO2 into fuels. This offers a sustainable energy alternative.