Safety precautions

Ionising radiation can damage DNA within cells. This damage can cause mutations. These mutations can disrupt the normal cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division, which is characteristic of cancer. It can also cause cell death but if the cell survives with the mutation and replicates then cancer can form.

1. Cell death
2. Mutations
3. Cancer

1. Use shielding: Radioactive materials are transported in containers made of lead or other thick, dense materials to absorb radiation. This reduces the exposure of people handling the materials.
2. Limit exposure time: The time spent near radioactive materials is minimized to reduce the overall radiation dose received.
3. Maintain distance: Radioactive materials are handled from a distance using tongs or remote-controlled equipment to increase the distance between the source and the handler, reducing radiation intensity.

1. Deep geological disposal: Radioactive waste is buried deep underground in stable rock formations to isolate it from the environment for long periods.
2. Interim storage in shielded containers: Radioactive waste is stored in specially designed, heavily shielded containers (often made of concrete and steel) in secure facilities while awaiting permanent disposal.

1. Minimise Exposure Time: The shorter the time of exposure, the lower the dose received. Work quickly and efficiently.
2. Maximise Distance: The intensity of radiation decreases rapidly with distance (Inverse Square Law). Use tools (

1. Reducing exposure time: Limiting the time spent near a radioactive source reduces the overall dose received.
2. Increasing distance: Moving further away from a radioactive source reduces the intensity of radiation exposure, as intensity decreases with distance.
3. Using shielding: Placing a suitable absorbing material (